Disparities in Albuminuria Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors Among Adults: a Population-Based Study

Abstract

Albuminuria is an early sign of damage to the kidney, as well as a significant predictor of negative kidney and cardiovascular outcomes. As much as this is of interest in terms of population health, the recent population-level information regarding the differences in albuminuria and its risk factors is limited. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of albuminuria and identify its sociodemographic and metabolic correlates among adults in a population-based setting. A cross-sectional analytical approach was used, including 5,443 adults aged 20 years and older. Albuminuria was defined as a urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio of at least 30 mg/g. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize participant characteristics, while group differences were assessed using appropriate statistical tests. Multivariable logistic regression was conducted to identify independent associations. The prevalence of albuminuria was 11.28%, with a marked increase across age groups, ranging from 4.60% in younger adults to 16.00% among those aged 60 years and older. Higher prevalence was observed among males, individuals with lower income, and certain racial and ethnic groups. In adjusted analysis, older age, low income, and higher serum creatinine were independently associated with albuminuria, while uric acid demonstrated a borderline association. These findings indicate that albuminuria is influenced by both biological and socioeconomic factors. Albuminuria affects a substantial proportion of adults and reflects underlying disparities in kidney health. Strengthening early detection strategies and addressing social determinants of health are essential to reduce the burden of kidney disease and improve population health outcomes.